Occupational Safety and Health Essay Example

3 Steps to Acing Your Upcoming Group Interview You’ve been approached in for a board meet. Perhaps you’re threatened. Perhaps frightened. Possibly you’re not even sure you comprehend what that really involves. Whatever your degree of fear, here are three simple strides to traversing your board meet tranquilly and in one piece. Stage 1: BEFOREYou reserve the privilege to ask who will be on your board. Do this. At that point inquire about each board part as well as could be expected. You’ll have the option to make sense of a considerable amount and get ready better for what each may be generally quick to ask you. What does this specific gathering of individuals educate you regarding what the organization is attempting to assess?You can likewise ask to what extent (generally) the meeting should last. This will give you a nice sentiment for what amount to and fro conversation will be conceivable, how much space you’ll be given to pose inquiries, to what extent your answers can be, etc.Step 2: DURING Treat every individual on the board like an individual not simply one more anonymous face. This isn't an indifferent divider asking you inquiries. Every questioner on your board is another chance to make a human association and persuade that a lot more individuals in the organization what an extraordinary fit you would be.Be sure to observe everybody’s name as they are presented. Record every one if that causes you recall. When responding to questions, talk straightforwardly to the person who asked, yet then attempt to widen your answer out to cause the remainder of the board to feel remembered for the discussion.Step 3: AFTERYou’ve took in their names and put forth an attempt to interface with each board part presently thank every single one of them earnestly withâ solid eye to eye connection and a quality handshake. From that point forward, it’s the typical post-meet follow-up methodology. Be that as it may, recall that you have to keep in touch with one card to say thanks for each board part. It appears to be a torment, however it’s these little contacts that will help set you apart.The board talk with: 6 hints for previously, during, and after

Effects of Global Warming on Polar Bears Essay

Nobody is protected from the cruel impacts of an Earth-wide temperature boost. Be that as it may, if there is one animal varieties which endures the most, they are the polar bears who can just get by under amazingly cool atmosphere. In spite of the fact that their genuine populace is difficult to decide, they are accepted to be around 20,000 to 25, 000 found all through the Arctic Ocean and adjoining oceans (World Wildlife Organization). Polar bears’ living space is nearly secured via ocean ice throughout the entire year (Great Bear Organization). The territory is said to have a delicate biological system, requiring longer time to change and to recuperate when disturbed or harmed. In any case, explore demonstrates that the Arctic is destined to be without ice somewhere in the range of 2013 and 2040 without precedent for history. The area has been encountering diminishing of the polar ice top because of warming of temperatures. With the liquefying of the ice comes the devastation of the life of the species which flourishes in the Arctic. Polar bears, seals, including imperiled species like walruses and whales, are compelled to withdraw to condition less reasonable for their make up. Further, researchers dread that a lot of softened ice enter the North Atlantic and disturb the worldwide momentum design. The softening of the Arctic ice likewise involves littler chasing region for polar bears. Seals are their most loved and they can't follow them where the ocean is unfrozen. They likewise eat plants, including berries, roots, and kelp, yet none of these can fulfill their calorie prerequisite. Their body needs huge measure of fats from marine creatures for they are dynamic all year. Decrease in Arctic ocean ice can prompt 67 percent loss of the whole polar bear populace in 50 years (Bear Planet Organization). In spite of the fact that polar bears are presented to different dangers, for example, contamination, oil and gas investigation, legitimate and unlawful chasing, an Earth-wide temperature boost remains the greatest danger to their endurance. They experience lack of healthy sustenance and starvation because of environment misfortune. Liquefying ice drive them to shore before they have procured enough fat stores to endure the time of rare food during the pre-fall and late-summer. Thining ice are surface hard to stroll on the grounds that they distort all the more effectively which makes it progressively hard for them to chase for food. They additionally need to swim more extensive holes between ice which further spent their vitality and some of the time lead to suffocating. Malnourished female polar bears result to bring down conceptive rates and lower endurance rates among offspring and juvenilles (Rosing, 2006). Thining ice make it difficult for grown-up females to discover mates. Furthermore, when they do discover one, the hard journey begins for a reasonable maternity sanctums. Underground sanctums have inclinations to crumple or have low insulative capacity to give warmth to recently conceived fledglings. Caves based on multi-year ice may encounter development that may bring about longer separations for moms and youthful whelps to walk when they come back to seal-chasing territories. There is additionally a danger of ailment making microorganisms and parasites thrive all the more promptly in a hotter atmosphere. In Western Huson Bay, ice separates sooner than it completed 30 years prior during pre-summer season which abbreviates the chasing season for polar approaches (National Wildlife Organization). Their populace declined by 22 percent from 1987 to 2004 and their body condition is very different, weighing 60kg lighter in 2004 than in 1980 when likely pregnant female polar bears weigh around 290kg. In 2005, Alaska recorded four suffocated polar bears who made longer swim than they regularly do when chasing for food. The Frozen North likewise recorded higher death rates among polar bear whelps and distinctive denning locales for pregnant polar bears. Photographs and recordings of polar bears’ battle are all over the place. In 2008, US Department of the Interior recorded Polar Bears as undermined species under the Endangered Species Act and liquefying of the ocean ice in the Arctic as the greatest peril to their endurance (The Humane Society of the United States). They are the main species beside elkhorn coral and staghorn coral to be put on the said list. In any case, the choice was turned around following the business and logical information that they are expanding in numbers in the previous 30 years. As it at present stands, the US Fish and Wildlife Service consider polar bears as compromised species meaning whenever their living space will disappear and their status will change to imperiled before they eventually become terminated. In Canada, polar bears were suggested by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada to be set under the rundown of â€Å"species of extraordinary concern†. This rundown takes into consideration an administration intend to be written in five years, which was condemned by World Wide Fund for Nature as being too long to even think about making a meaningful effect on territory misfortune from environmental change. Since their present status is compromised species, it isn't past the point of no return for endeavors toward sparing their natural surroundings from further debasement (Bear Planet Organization). The least complex however the most ideal approach to relieve the impacts of an unnatural weather change is to stop carbon dioxide (CO2) outflows. Reuse and reuse items and use vitality proficient apparatuses to reduce CO2 in the climate. Polar bears merit an opportunity. Works Cited Bear Planet Organization. Polar Bears and Global Warming. July 8, 2009. <http://www. bearplanet. organization/a dangerous atmospheric devation polar-bears. shtml>. Incredible Bear Organization. Polar Bear (Ursus Maritimus). July 7, 2009. <http://www. greatbear. organization/polarbear. htm>. The Humane Society of the United States. Polar Bears. July 8, 2009. <http://www. hsus. organization/marine_mammals/a_closer_look_at_marine_mammals/polar_bears/#Polar_bears_top_predators_in_their_arcti>. National Wildlife Organization. Polar Bear. July 8, 2009. <http://www. nwf. organization/polarbear/>. Rosing, Norbert. The World of the Polar Bear. NY: Firefly Books, Ltd, 2006. World Wildlife Organization. WWF: A Leader in Polar Bear Conservation. July 7, 2009. <http://www. worldwildlife. organization/species/discoverer/polarbear/polarbear. html. >.

How to Write Essays on Psychology Argumentative Topic Topics

How to Write Essays on Psychology Argumentative Topic TopicsAs an aspiring graduate student, I've found that it is extremely difficult to come up with fresh and creative essays on psychology argumentative topic topics. Not only is it difficult to come up with a good topic idea, but even when you do, it can be hard to convey what you're trying to say with a well-written essay.Many students, in fact, are so discouraged by the difficulties of coming up with the best essay topics that they give up on college essays altogether. This problem is so prevalent that it's probably not an exaggeration to state that many students have taken out loans to help pay for their tuition. Those who pursue a Master's degree in Psychology find that their expenses are beyond the reach of just sitting in a classroom with a professor.So, are there any proven tips on coming up with great argumentative essay topics? The answer is yes. One of the most effective methods is to get your thesis topic into writing, t hen take time to plan out your essay. Once you've figured out exactly what you're trying to say, you'll be able to think of something original to say in your essay.Now, if you need to dig up a theme, start with a question. Have you ever asked yourself what it would be like to live in a world without fear? What would happen if your parents told you that it's okay for you to be different? Or, what would happen if you never had to choose between a computer and a walker?Once you've asked yourself the main idea, take time to research it. Find out how it's being used in other fields and what kind of success it's having. Research the history of the topic and read any related articles that may be available online. Make sure you thoroughly study the subject so that you can put your new knowledge to good use in your essay.Once you've done all of this, you'll begin to see a bit of fresh arguments pop up in your mind. You'll also discover an opportunity to express yourself, and you'll be able t o create a thesis statement to go along with your essay topic.By following this plan, you'll develop a general theme for each of your essays, and you'll quickly be able to spot certain topics that you'd love to write about. By doing this, you'll be able to find a topic for your master's degree in psychology that's perfect for you.

The Roots to Happiness - 907 Words

The Roots to Happiness Whether you are down to your last dime, bumming around in your worn down denim, or parading around town in your Bugatti Veyron; your attitude towards life is what you make it to be. With an optimistic outlook, you can obtain happiness in any given situation that life deals you. Do you know how to be happy? Or are you patiently waiting for happiness to find you? Looking for said happiness won’t necessarily work easily as one might think, but your thoughts and actions will help. Any individual that chooses a lifestyle of contentment, positive environment, and good health is on the path to creating a happier self. As many people believe, money brings happiness; and if you’re poor, you must not be happy. Money does buy happiness—but only until a certain point. There’s no doubt that the luxurious life of fancy cars and million dollar houses make people grin from ear to ear. Contrary to that, according to a Princeton University study, after an annual income of $75,000, money doesn’t matter or bring more happiness. We suspect that this means, in part, that when people have a lot more money, they can buy a lot more pleasures, but there are some indications that when you have a lot of money, you will savor each pleasure less, said Kahneman, a professor at Princeton University. We see what wealthy people are televised to be. They have their hot sport cars, beach houses, and a wardrobe large enough to fit the Boise Town Square inside. In reality, notShow MoreRelatedThe Roots of Happiness1560 Words   |  7 Pagesto live where happiness was more familiar. Alterations for wh at truly defines absolute happiness in a society during these times of catastrophe were expressed through utopian literature. Thomas More’s Utopia, Tomasso Campanella’s City of the Sun, and Caron De Beaumarchais’ The Marriage of Figaro together attempt to answer what truly creates a happy civilization during different periods of crisis within Europe. Each of these utopian literature’s suggest a different origin that happiness derives fromRead MoreThe Root Of Happiness Is A Emotional State Of Well Being Defined By Positive Emotions1063 Words   |  5 Pageswonder what happiness is. Also, they question what they must do to attain it. There are many different books discussing ways how individuals can find happiness. Gladness is a mental or emotional state of well-being defined by positive emotions. The root of happiness can result in many different things. One, the root of happiness can result in better health, better thinking ability, and the delight in do ing what is right. Another, is the result of contentment with the way of life can root from tryingRead MoreIs Moral Behavoir Necessary for Happiness? Essay757 Words   |  4 Pageswill be discussing the subject of moral behaviour and if it is necessary for happiness. The view that this paper will reflect and focus on is that â€Å"moral† behaviour is not absolutely necessary to be happy. To fully comprehend the topic in question we must look at the definitions of morality and happiness. Moral behaviour is subjective in the sense that what may seem right to one person may not seem right to another. Happiness is also entirely subjective due to the fact that what can make one or someRead MoreMoney Can t Buy Everything Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesDoes it truly bring us happiness? How much do I want or need the comforts of material objects in my life? There is a famous song from Chris Janson that does a pretty good job of summing it up. Chris says Money can t buy happiness, b ut it can buy me a boat. I would agree with this! I like to believe that I am a family man. Families are an essence of life. I feel the root of all happiness begins within the wall of your own home. But I do believe money isn’t the root to happiness but after what ChrisRead More Plato and Augustine’s Conceptions of Happiness Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesconceptions of what one must acquire to live a truly happy life. While the conventional view of happiness normally pertains to wealth, financial stability, and material possessions, Plato and Augustine suggest that true happiness is rooted in something independent of objects or people. Though dissimilar in their notions of that actual root, each respective philosophy views the attaining of that happiness as a path, a direction. Plato’s philosophy revolves around the attainment of eternal knowledgeRead MoreHow College Student s Level Of Wellbeing And Happiness1340 Words   |  6 PagesWhy is it that some in dividuals are so high above the curve in terms happiness and optimism, even in the face of challenges and misfortunes? Whatever it is, there are individuals in psychology who wish to study and understand the science of happiness. These individuals specialize in the new field of psychology, positive psychology. Such researchers wish to gain insight on gaining happiness and building a resiliency to negative emotions. With an increasing emphasis on measuring college success, primarilyRead MoreSelfish Essay946 Words   |  4 Pagesthough, where you aren’t doing enough for yourself? While it is most certainly good to do someone for someone else, how much should you do for you? It should be obvious that ensuring your own well being and happiness is priority number one. Many people who throw themselves out for the happiness of others are depressed and aren’t happy with their own situation, yet they still continue to be a doormat. While it isn’t good to make yourself out as someone who will do anything to help anyone, being selfishRead MoreThe Death Of Siddhartha Gautama1017 Words   |  5 PagesWhen an average person thinks of Siddhartha Gautama, they often link the religious figure with someone who achieved happiness through various forms of mediation. These generalizations are often fueled by artistic illustrations of the Buddha, which, almost universally, depict him sitting in the Lotus Position. While the religion of Buddhism has deep roots in various forms of meditation, there is not a cut and dry method for an individual to obtain the highest of Buddhist goals, freedom from sufferingRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of The Ones Who Walked Away From Omelas1105 Words   |  5 Pages Deep Roots In the story â€Å"The ones who walked away from Omelas† by Ursula K, Le Guin, Le Guin provides a notion that the cycle of inequality with in a society is intergenerational. At young ages, the children in the town are conditioned to accept inequalities within their society. Although the children disagreed with the treatment of the child locked in the basement, they later assimilated with these harsh realities. Pathing theRead MoreConsumerism Of The United States1411 Words   |  6 Pagescoloration to consumerism that finds it roots within the American society, the generation of today and its values. More money, more problems? It might just be a fact. Recent statistics reveal that â€Å"Americans today, compared to 55 years ago, own twice as many cars and eat out twice as much per person, but we don t seem to be any happier because of it†(Carolyn Gregoire). Big is best, is the motto of the American culture, a culture that has spread its root to every corner of the globe, especially

Is The Ideal Investment Over Apple Inc. - 1157 Words

Among the myriad of technology companies now available for investment on the stock market, Google’s new parent Alphabet and the ever-innovating Apple Inc. maintain their spots as two of the most popular. The two titanic companies have previously had a sizeable gap between the values of their stocks, with Apple Inc. leading Alphabet thanks largely to its massive deposits of cash. USA Today analyst John Shinal asserts that because of this more rapid growth, Alphabet is the ideal investment over Apple Inc. for investors who favor growth stocks while Apple Inc. is preferred for its dividend payouts. Shinal’s assertion is presented in a very formal manner with few detractors, giving his analysis a larger feeling of credibility even without prior knowledge of his credentials. The article, titled â€Å"Alphabet Closing in on Apple’s Value†, was published in the national newspaper USA Today, on October 26, 2015. This analysis of this financial trend was writte n by John Shinal, a regular writer for USA Today. Despite this article being about finances, Shinal is usually a technology columnist for the paper, putting this subject only partially into his established area of expertise. This fact could be used to discredit the analysis presented in the article, but is at the same time a minor argument. Shinal’s entanglement in the world of technology news puts him in a spot to be constantly observing the changing valuations of the stocks from the companies under observation. ThroughoutShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Apple Inc.970 Words   |  4 PagesApple Corporation has revolutionized the technology industry though offer unique design to attract customer. In the process, Apple Inc. is aware of the weakness of the industry and pose itself into the industry with an outstanding performance results. 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Basically, executive compensation has a variable pay that is distributed through different forms of incentives. Based off of the higher tax brackets that high-salaried executives fall in, these executivesRead MoreThe Purpose Of Copyright Laws1130 Words   |  5 Pagescopyrights of intellectual property (IP), destroys the chain of commerce reflected in these different industries; which also includes the loss of employment to workers in each industry. In short, copyright laws protect the motivation of creativity, the investment of commerce, plus the employment of a labor-force. WHY COPYRIGHT LAWS? As recognized by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO, n.d.), in the â€Å"Protection of Industrial Property† (p. 4, par. 2) during the Paris Convention of 1883

Genetic Drift as an Evolutionary Force free essay sample

Force Becky Gonzalez Genetics 2450 Lab Section 1262 March 2, 2011 Genetic Drift as an Evolutionary Force Genetic drift, along with natural selection, mutation, and gene flow, is one of the basic evolutionary forces of evolution. Evolution is the method by which allele frequencies in a population change over time. This process can be random, where the changes occur through genetic drift (Hahn and Bentley 2003). Genetic drift causes these random changes in allele frequencies, which result from random fluctuations across generations. Genetic drift happens in ALL populations, large and small, but affects them to a different degree based on size. Smaller populations tend to be significantly affected by genetic drift, while populations of a much larger size might experience some resistance. Although genetic drift usually occurs with one or more of the other evolutionary forces, genetic drift itself can cause extreme changes in allele and genotype frequencies. By chance alone, it can cause the elimination of a particular allele. Population genetics uses genetic drift, natural selection, mutation, and migration as tools to understand how and why populations undergo changes in allele and genotype frequencies, as well as its effects for future generations. To recognize the effects of genetic drift on a population, an understanding of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium must be met. This theory states that if certain conditions are met there will be no evolution occurring in a population. Simply put, if a population is in HWE, then that population is not evolving, and you can expect the population to stay frozen from one generation to the next in terms of allele and genotype frequencies. Conditions to be met include: 1. ) the population must be infinitely large, 2. ) no natural selection occurring, 3. ) no mutation occurring, 4. ) no migration (gene flow) occurring, and 5. ) random mating must occur. However, if even one of these conditions is not met, deviations from the initial genotype and allele frequencies will occur and evolution will take place. Using this theory as a basis will help distinguish the effects of the four evolutionary forces, specifically genetic drift, in a population. Genetic drift occurs from sampling error; however there are different ways sampling error comes about in a population. First, as stated earlier, genetic drift can occur when population size is small. When genetic drift occurs in a small population there is a higher chance of allele frequency to increase or decrease over time drifting toward one extreme or the other at a faster rate. Eventually the alleles may come to frequencies of 1. 0 or 0. 0, where at this point fixation has occurred. One allele has been lost in the population (0. 0) and no further changes in allele frequency can be seen. As this occurs, heterozygosity decreases as well due to the increase in frequency of one allele and decrease of another. Ultimately genetic drift causes the population to lose variation. The probability of fixation due to genetic drift is equal to the frequency of alleles in that population. Another form of sampling error is through a founder effect. This occurs when a population is made up of a small number of individuals that in time may grow to a larger population. This population, however, will consist of genes present from the original â€Å"founding† population. A third form of sampling error that causes genetic drift is the bottleneck effect. Bottleneck effect happens when population suffers a great reduction in size. When such events occur, the small population is then vulnerable to genetic drift acting upon it. Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, or fires may reduce the size of a population drastically and kill victims unselectively. The resulting small surviving population is unlikely to be representative of the original population in its genetic makeup. The gene pool of any surviving populations may have been, by chance, different from that of the original population before catastrophe struck. (Campbell 1990). Genetic drift also causes genetic divergence among populations. Allele frequencies in separate populations change within themselves, separately from other populations, causing differences between populations. It is also noted that isolated or secluded populations may diverge from one another as a result of genetic drift. The amount of divergence that occurs between the populations in based on the extent to which mutation and migration act upon (Song et al. 2006). Two evolutionary forces, migration and mutation, can balance the effects of genetic drift by introducing new or different alleles into a population from different organisms coming into or occurring in the population. Gene flow occurs when organisms migrate in or out of a population and contribute their genes to a recipient population. This spread of alleles result in changes in allele frequency in the original population as well as the recipient population. Mutation introduces new variations into a population and causes a change in allele frequency. Mutation is the ultimate source of new genetic variation in a population. From mutation, other evolutionary forces can act upon the changes in allele frequencies causing evolution to occur. However, mutations occur at an extremely low rate and the extent of its effect on allele frequencies in a population is largely determined by the other evolutionary forces. Genetic drift, mutation, migration, and natural selection are capable of changing allele frequencies in a population over time, but natural selection is the only evolutionary force that can cause an organism or population to adapt. Natural selection is the process by which traits evolve that increase the organism’s fitness (Russell 2002). Natural selection then causes genes of the â€Å"fittest† organisms to be passed on to their children and continue to be in the population as long as those genes will allow for the most reproductive output. As the environment changes or if a disastrous event such as in a bottleneck effect, natural selection change allele frequencies by selecting those alleles that best withstand the changes that occurred. With a small population size, random genetic drift is more effective than natural selection in determining the fate of new alleles. Eventually fixation can occur, reducing the reproductive capacity of a population, to the point of possible extinction (Whitlock 2000). The evolutionary forces acting on a population, especially genetic drift, are very important when studying population genetics. Since Sewall Wright first introduced the idea of genetic drift in the 1930s, we have been able to extend this knowledge into other evolutionary forces acting on a population. Using this knowledge of genetic drift, we are able to understand how and why some species go extinct, the lack of genetic variation within populations, and the increase of genetic divergence between populations. Literature Cited: Campbell, N. A. , 1990 Biology, 2nd Edition. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company Inc. , p. 443 Hahn, M. W. , and Bentley, R. A. , 2003 Drift as a mechanism for cultural change: an example from baby names. Proceedings: Biological Sciences Vol. 270: S120- S123 Russell, P. J. , 2002 Genetics, 3rd Edition. Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. , CA. p. 631-632 Song, S. , Dey, D. K. , and Holsinger, K. E. , 2006 Differentiation among populations with migration, mutation, and drift: implications for genetic inference. Evolution Vol. 60, No. 1: 1-12 Whilock, M. C. , 2000 Fixation of new alleles and the extinction of small populations: drift load, beneficial alleles, and sexual selection. Evolution Vol. 54, No. 6: 1855-1861

Perioperative Nursing Surgical Site Infection

Introduction Perioperative nursing is an integral field in nursing, for it ensures that patients who have undergone surgical operations do not get surgical site infections (SSI). The recovery of patients who have undergone surgical process considerably depends on perioperative care they receive from nurses; hence, perioperative nursing is essential in enhancing patients’ recovery.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perioperative Nursing: Surgical Site Infection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Belton and Berter (2004) explain that perioperative nurses deliver safe patient care by developing a nursing care plan, coordinating operational activities, and assessing the recovery process of patients (p. 27). Even though surgeons may perform successful surgical operations, SSI threatens to heal wounds and thus affects the recovery of patients. The United States’ statistics indicate that SSI accounts for about 17% of all infections acquired in hospitals and causes complications of 2.6% of over 30 million operations annually (Welsh, 2008, p.2). Thus, SSI is not only an issue that faces the healthcare system but also perioperative nursing care in various hospitals. In this light, this essay examines SSI as an issue in perioperative nursing and further explores the implications of literature recommendations to perioperative nursing and perioperative environment. Surgical Site Infections SSI is a group of infections that usually affects patients who have undergone a surgical operation. During early times before the introduction of antiseptic principles of sterilizing surgical apparatus, many surgical patients used to suffer from SSI, which prolonged their recovery period and at times led to death. Currently, the introduction of antiseptic principles of sterilization has led to a massive advancement in surgery and perioperative nursing (Greene Mills, 2010, p.79). However, in spite of enormou s advancement in the operating room practices, sterilization of apparatus improved surgical techniques and prevention of infections, SSI is still a severe challenge of hospital-acquired diseases. Moreover, hospitals that have limited resources to perform safe surgical procedures and offer effective perioperative care register high rates of SSI, which contribute to mortality rates, yet they are preventable. Belton and Berter (2004) argue that since SSI is posing a severe threat to the efficiency of surgical procedures and recovery of patients, the healthcare system needs to equip perioperative nurses with appropriate technical interventions (p.27). Hence, it is the responsibility of perioperative nurses to ensure that surgical patients receive proper perioperative care to prevent SSI. SSI consists of both endogenous and exogenous pathogens that infect site of surgery since wounds provide a section of entry into the body. Although surgeons may perform their surgical procedure in a ste rile perioperative environment with sanitary equipment, SSI emanates during recovery of a patient.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Portugal and Kneedler (2011) assert that most SSI originates from endogenous flora that resides in patient’s viscera, mucous membranes, and skin, hence challenging to sterilize during the surgical procedure and recovery (p.7). Even though endogenous pathogens are resident, they do not cause any infection unless an incision exposes tissues for them to enter into the body. Thus, surgical operations provide a route through which endogenous pathogens gain entry into the tissues and subsequently cause infections. The endogenous flora is mainly gram-negative and gram-positive aerobes. Comparatively, the exogenous pathogens originate from surgical apparatus and perioperative environment. The extent of SSI depends on the virulence of contaminating pa thogens and state of the wound after a surgical procedure. Therefore, it means that perioperative nurses have a role to play in reducing incidences of SSI among surgical patients. Poor perioperative nursing care has contributed to increasing cases of SSI, particularly among developing countries or hospitals with limited health resources to procure essential surgical apparatus, chemicals, and perioperative nurses. Given  the susceptibility of surgical patients to SSI, many hospitals experience the formidable challenge of preventing their occurrence in the perioperative environment. Even though the healthcare system provides all essential resources, many hospitals are still grappling with increasing incidences of SSI, which has cost many lives, in addition to medical supplies. Portugal and Kneedler (2011) argue that, out of over 30 million surgeries done annually in the United States, about half a million procedures experience further complications due to SSI (p.7). High rates of co mplications associated with SSI mean that about half a million surgical patients are in danger of losing their lives if appropriate interventions are not in place to reverse the trends. If about a half a million of surgical patients are susceptible to SSI in the United States with an advanced healthcare system, what are the trends in developing countries and poorly equipped hospitals across the world? High incidences of SSI despite advancement in surgical procedures imply that perioperative nurses are facing a significant challenge in the delivery of perioperative care.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Perioperative Nursing: Surgical Site Infection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More SSI does not only result in complications that hamper recovery of surgical patients but also increases medical costs to both families and the healthcare system. Due to slowed healing, surgical patients usually endure pain, psychological , and physical suffering as well as increased risk of death. A significant number of surgical patients has succumbed to death due to SSI, although appropriate interventions can prevent their occurrence among patients. Moreover, SSI has increased medical bills of surgical patients, hence growing financial burden to the family and healthcare system. Burton (2007) argues that, according to National Health Service report, SSI increases medical costs of a patient by over $1800 and prolongs stay in hospital by about seven days (p. 124). Additionally, surgical patients took longer to recover fully after discharge because they are dependent on drugs, which take a toll on their medical costs. Thus, perioperative nursing is critical in alleviating the suffering of surgical patients, reducing death risk, and saving a terrific deal of resources, which cost both families and the healthcare system. Recommendations for Preventing SSI Given that SSI poses a formidable challenge to  the healthcare system and perioperative nursing, literature review offers a broad deal of recommendations of preventing SSI in hospitals. Firstly, one of the recommendations of preventing SSI is by use of antimicrobial prophylaxis to control both endogenous and exogenous pathogens. Perioperative nurses should look for potent antibiotics and administer during or before surgery to prevent the entry of pathogens into tissues through excised wounds. Burton (2007) recommends that perioperative nurses should choose antibiotics that target specified pathogens and administer them at an appropriate time to enhance their efficacy and prevent SSI (p.124). Surgical procedures that take more than five hours require additional doses of antibiotics to boost the efficacy of treatment throughout  the operation. Hence, perioperative nurses have to ensure that they prescribe and administer appropriate medicine and dosage to surgical patients to prevent them from getting SSI. Secondly, it is recommendable that per ioperative nurses prepare surgical patients well before letting them undergo any surgical procedure. Portugal and Kneedler (2011) advise that it is necessary to let patients shower with antiseptic before surgery to reduce endogenous pathogens that reside in the skin and visceral surfaces (p. 8).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Antiseptic sterilizes skin, and reduces pathogens load on the surface and subsequently minimizes SSI. Moreover, patients need screening for hyperglycemia, so that in case a patient has a high blood glucose level, perioperative nurses can keep a blood glucose level below 11.1mm/L during 48 hours before the operation. Blood glucose level should be below 11.1mm/L because hypoglycemic surgical patients are prone to SSI. After preparing a patient for the surgical procedure by showering them with antiseptic and maintaining blood glucose level, it is imperative that they should not spend a lot of time waiting to undergo an operation because endogenous pathogens increase with time while blood glucose levels fluctuate. Additionally, it is recommendable that perioperative nurses need to prepare an operation site by clearing obstructing hair in case of any and carrying out disinfection of exogenous pathogens. Recommendations for making patients imply that perioperative nurses should be extra c ritical in preparing patients for surgery. Thirdly, to prevent SSI among surgical patients, it is recommendable that perioperative nurses should ventilate operating theatre accordingly. Ventilation of theatre ensures a pleasant perioperative environment that does not encourage multiplication and contamination by exogenous and endogenous pathogens. Hong and Tam (2009) recommend that a theatre room should have a minimum ventilation rate of 15 air changes every hour, with alerting feature that shows pressure changes (p.10). Laminar flow form of ventilation systems, coupled with ultraviolet radiations, is essential in disinfecting air before allowing it into the theatre. Moreover, the temperature of 20-230C and humidity of 36-60% is essential in creating and maintaining a pathogen-free environment, hence reducing SSI. This implies that theatre needs stringent regulation of ventilation and pressure, and thus demands new technical skills on the part of perioperative nurses. The fourth rec ommendation is that surgeons and perioperative nurses need to wear appropriate surgical attire and drapes to prevent causing SSI during operation. Surgical masks are necessary to cover mouth and nose, while caps are essential to cover head and hair. Breath and falling hair contain pathogens that can potentially cause SSI, and thus, masks and caps prevent them from causing SSI during the process of carrying out surgical operation. Hong and Tam (2009) further recommend that the surgical team need to wear gowns and drapes that are liquid resistant and sterile to prevent pathogens in sweats from causing SSI (p.11). Other surgical teams also need to wear masks, gloves, caps, and gowns that are sterile to prevent them from contaminating air, surgical apparatus, and sterile instruments of operation. Thus, the recommendation to wear appropriate surgical attire during a surgical procedureimplies that perioperative nurses have a responsibility to ensure that all surgical team members have the proper attire to prevent contamination of the perioperative environment and ease perioperative care of patients. The fifth recommendation involves sterilization of surgical instrument as a means of preventing SSI. The surgical instrument needs thorough cleaning, disinfection, and ultimately sterilization before any surgical procedure to guarantee the safety of patients during the operation. Perioperative nurses should not assume that disinfection alone could assure the safety of surgical instruments because some exogenous pathogens are resistant disinfectants. King and Sapnas (2007) explain that surgical instruments that are heat resistant require steam sterilization, while those that are heat sensitive need sterilization techniques that use low temperature and chemicals such as ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid (p.77). Such sterilization methods are central in the prevention of SSI that arises from exogenous pathogens present in surgical instruments. In case of emergency, flash sterilization is appropriate but not always recommended as it is prone to cause SSI. Thus, perioperative nursing needs to develop standard procedures and enhance  the proficiency of nurses in carrying out the sterilization process. It, therefore, implies that perioperative nurses need to be proficient in performing conventional  methods of sterilization to prevent the occurrence of SSI. The sixth recommendation is that the application of appropriate operative techniques and surveillance of SSI during the period of recovery. During operation, the surgical team needs to adhere to aseptic techniques when administering drugs, placing catheters, and inserting other intravascular devices. Hong and Tam (2009) assert that, acceptable operative techniques such as minimal use of instruments, shallow incision to minimize trauma, excision of dead tissue and removal of foreign bodies significantly reduce the occurrence of SSI (p.12). Such operative techniques considerably le ssen incidences of SSI among surgical patients. Moreover, constant surveillance of SSI requires perioperative nurses to make a follow up to ensure that surgical wounds are clean and dressed well under the sterilizing condition to prevent multiplication of pathogens that cause SSI. SSI surveillance is also notable, for it provides feedback to surgeons regarding their surgical operations and recovery of patients. Thus, perioperative nurses have a significant responsibility of ensuring that hospital conducts proper operative techniques and postoperative surveillance of SSI as a means of saving lives and enhancing the recovery of patients. Conclusion Perioperative nursing is particularly beneficial in preventing the occurrence of SSI among surgical patients. In spite of advancement in medical technology, incidences of SSI seem to increase as about half a million of surgical patients experience complications associated with SSI annually. Half million patients are not only at risk of dyin g but also increases medical costs since patients take longer to recover while demanding additional medications necessary in treating SSI. Hence, due to  the challenge of SSI, literature review offers numerous recommendations, which include use of antibiotics, preparation of patients for operation, adequate ventilation of theatre, wearing proper surgical attire, sterilization of surgical instruments, goods operative techniques and surveillance of SSI. References Belton, L., Berter, B. (2004). Perioperative Nursing. National Student Nurses  Association, 6, 27-28. Burton, F. (2007). Preventing Surgical Site Infections. Wound Essentials, 2, 124-131. Greene, L., Mills, R. (2010). Guideline to the Elimination of Orthopedic Surgical Site Infections. Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology,  1-80. Hong, S., Tam, C. (2009). Recommendations on Prevention of Surgical Site Infection.  Center for Health Protection, 1-26. King, C., Sapnas, K. (2007). Build ing a Business Case for the Advanced Practice Registered Nurse. Preparative Nursing Clinics, 2, 75-79. Portugal, L., Kneedler, J. (2011). Reduction of Surgical Site Infections. Pfiedler  Enterprises, 1-21. Welsh, A. (2008). Surgical Site Infection: Prevention and Treatment of Surgical Site Infection. National Collaborating Center for Women’s and Children’s Health, 1-32. This essay on Perioperative Nursing: Surgical Site Infection was written and submitted by user Gavin Delaney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.